Filament — Real-Time Physically Based Rendering Engine by Google

Introduction

Filament is an open-source real-time physically based rendering (PBR) engine created by Google. It targets mobile platforms first but runs on Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows, and WebGL2, making it a versatile choice for 3D applications and visualization.

What Filament Does

Renders physically based materials with image-based lighting
Supports glTF 2.0 model loading out of the box
Provides a material system with a custom shading language
Offers post-processing effects like bloom, SSAO, and tone mapping
Includes tools for baking environment maps and compiling materials

Architecture Overview

Filament uses a retained-mode rendering architecture with a multithreaded backend. The engine abstracts GPU APIs (Vulkan, Metal, OpenGL ES, WebGL) behind a unified driver layer. The material system compiles shader code at build time into optimized per-platform binaries using the matc compiler.

Self-Hosting & Configuration

Build from source using CMake on Linux/macOS/Windows
Android builds use Gradle with bundled AAR artifacts
iOS builds produce universal frameworks via CMake
Configure rendering quality with Engine::Config at initialization
Material definitions use .mat files compiled by the matc tool

Key Features

Mobile-first design with low overhead and small binary size
Full PBR pipeline conforming to the Google Filament design document
Multithreaded rendering with automatic GPU command batching
Built-in glTF viewer (gltf_viewer) for rapid asset preview
Java/Kotlin bindings for native Android integration

Comparison with Similar Tools

Three.js — web-only, JavaScript; Filament is native C++ with WebGL export
Babylon.js — browser-focused; Filament prioritizes mobile native performance
bgfx — lower-level rendering abstraction without a built-in PBR pipeline
Ogre3D — general 3D engine; Filament is leaner with a PBR-first approach
wgpu — Rust GPU abstraction layer; Filament ships a full rendering pipeline

FAQ

Q: Does Filament include a scene graph or ECS? A: No. Filament provides rendering primitives; scene management is left to higher-level frameworks like Sceneform.

Q: Can I use Filament for games? A: Yes, though it focuses on rendering. You would pair it with a separate physics and audio engine.

Q: What shading models are supported? A: Lit (standard PBR), subsurface, cloth, and unlit models are available.

Q: Is Filament used in production? A: Google uses Filament in the Android Scene Viewer and Google Maps 3D features.