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ScriptsApr 11, 2026·3 min de lecture

TiDB — Distributed SQL Database with MySQL Compatibility

TiDB is an open-source, cloud-native, distributed SQL database that supports hybrid transactional and analytical processing (HTAP). MySQL-compatible wire protocol, horizontal scalability, strong consistency, and elastic scaling.

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Introduction

TiDB is an open-source, cloud-native, distributed SQL database developed by PingCAP. Combines the scalability of NoSQL with the strong consistency and SQL support of traditional RDBMS. MySQL-compatible wire protocol makes it a drop-in for MySQL apps needing horizontal scale. Supports hybrid transactional/analytical processing (HTAP) via TiFlash columnar engine.

What TiDB Does

  • Distributed SQL — horizontal scaling like NoSQL but with SQL and ACID
  • MySQL compatible — wire protocol + most MySQL syntax
  • HTAP — row-store (TiKV) + column-store (TiFlash) for mixed workloads
  • Raft consensus — strong consistency across replicas
  • Elastic scale — add nodes without downtime
  • Online DDL — schema changes without locks
  • Auto-sharding — data automatically partitioned and rebalanced
  • Cross-region clusters — geo-distributed deployments

Architecture

Three layers:

  • TiDB servers — stateless SQL layer, parse/plan/execute queries
  • TiKV — distributed KV store (Rust), uses Raft for replication
  • PD (Placement Driver) — cluster metadata and scheduling
  • TiFlash (optional) — columnar replica for analytics

Self-Hosting

# Production deployment
tiup cluster deploy mycluster v7.5.0 topology.yaml
tiup cluster start mycluster
tiup cluster display mycluster

# Scale out
tiup cluster scale-out mycluster scale.yaml

Key Features

  • MySQL 5.7/8.0 compatibility
  • Distributed SQL with ACID
  • HTAP (TiFlash columnar)
  • Elastic horizontal scaling
  • Online DDL
  • Point-in-time recovery
  • Encryption at rest
  • Cloud-ready (TiDB Cloud managed service)
  • PingCAP official tools ecosystem

Comparison

Database Model SQL Standard Scaling
TiDB Distributed SQL MySQL-compatible Horizontal
CockroachDB Distributed SQL PostgreSQL-compatible Horizontal
YugabyteDB Distributed SQL PostgreSQL-compatible Horizontal
Spanner Distributed SQL Managed Managed
Vitess MySQL sharding MySQL Horizontal
MySQL Group Replication HA cluster MySQL Vertical + replicas

FAQ

Q: Can it replace MySQL? A: Yes in most scenarios, with 95%+ compatibility. But some MySQL features (like event scheduler or specifying storage engines) are not supported. Do a compatibility test before migrating.

Q: What is TiFlash? A: A columnar replica that syncs TiKV data to columnar storage to accelerate analytical queries. A single table can have both row storage (OLTP) and column storage (OLAP).

Q: Minimum production deployment? A: 3 PD + 3 TiKV + 2 TiDB = 8 nodes. TiFlash is optional. TiDB Cloud has a minimum of 3 nodes.

Sources

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