Configs2026年4月11日·1 分钟阅读

CockroachDB — Distributed SQL for the Global Cloud

CockroachDB is a cloud-native, distributed SQL database designed for high availability, effortless horizontal scale, and geographic data placement. PostgreSQL-compatible wire protocol with serializable transactions across regions.

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快速使用

先拿来用，再决定要不要深挖

这里应该同时让用户和 Agent 知道第一步该复制什么、安装什么、落到哪里。

# Install binary
curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v24.3.0.darwin-10.9-amd64.tgz | tar -xz
sudo cp cockroach-v24.3.0.darwin-10.9-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin

# Single-node insecure (dev)
cockroach start-single-node --insecure --listen-addr=localhost:26257 \
  --http-addr=localhost:8080 --store=cockroach-data

# Connect via SQL shell
cockroach sql --insecure --host=localhost:26257

Usage (PostgreSQL-compatible):

CREATE DATABASE tokrepo;
USE tokrepo;

CREATE TABLE assets (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  repo VARCHAR(255),
  stars INT,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT now()
);

INSERT INTO assets (repo, stars) VALUES
  ("react", 230000),
  ("vue", 210000);

SELECT * FROM assets ORDER BY stars DESC;

-- Multi-region locality (geo-distributed apps)
ALTER TABLE assets CONFIGURE ZONE USING
  num_replicas = 5,
  constraints = "{+region=us-west: 2, +region=eu-west: 2, +region=ap-south: 1}";
介绍

CockroachDB is a distributed SQL database designed for the cloud. Inspired by Google Spanner, it offers serializable transactions, horizontal scale, automatic sharding, and survivability (nodes can fail, zones can fail, regions can fail). PostgreSQL-compatible wire protocol and most PostgreSQL syntax.

What CockroachDB Does

  • Serializable transactions — strongest ACID guarantee
  • PostgreSQL compatibility — wire protocol + most SQL features
  • Auto-sharding — data split into ranges, auto-rebalanced
  • Multi-region — place data near users via zone configs
  • Raft replication — configurable replica count per table
  • Online schema changes — non-blocking DDL
  • Time travel queries — AS OF SYSTEM TIME
  • Follower reads — read from closest replica for low latency
  • CDC — change data capture stream

Architecture

Each node is identical (no primary/secondary). Data is split into 64MB ranges, each replicated via Raft to typically 3 nodes. SQL layer sits on top of the distributed KV layer. DistSQL executes queries across nodes in parallel.

Self-Hosting

# Secure 3-node cluster
cockroach start --certs-dir=certs --listen-addr=node1:26257 \
  --advertise-addr=node1 \
  --join=node1,node2,node3

# Init cluster
cockroach init --certs-dir=certs --host=node1

Key Features

  • Distributed SQL with serializable transactions
  • PostgreSQL wire compatibility
  • Multi-region with geo-partitioning
  • Automatic sharding and rebalancing
  • Zero-downtime upgrades
  • Online schema changes
  • Backup and restore
  • Row-level TTL
  • Change data capture
  • BACKUP to cloud storage

Comparison

Database Inspired By Compatibility License
CockroachDB Spanner PostgreSQL BUSL + CCL
YugabyteDB Spanner PostgreSQL Apache 2.0
TiDB Spanner + HTAP MySQL Apache 2.0
Spanner Own Managed only Proprietary
Citus (Postgres ext) Postgres PostgreSQL Apache 2.0

常见问题 FAQ

Q: PostgreSQL 的 drop-in？ A: 大部分 PostgreSQL 功能兼容。不兼容的有：存储过程（支持有限）、某些类型、一些 PG 扩展。迁移前测试。

Q: 性能开销？ A: 分布式事务比单机慢（延迟≈网络 RTT 2-3 次）。但横向扩展能力远超单机。小应用单机 Postgres 更快更便宜。

Q: BUSL 限制？ A: 源码可读、可自用，但不能做商用托管服务与 Cockroach Cloud 竞争。4 年后自动转 Apache 2.0。

来源与致谢 Sources

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